Bio skip year 11

Q: What are the main components of a cell and their functions?

A: The main components of a cell are the nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria, and cell membrane. The nucleus contains genetic material, the cytoplasm holds organelles, ribosomes synthesize proteins, mitochondria produce energy, and the cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell.

Q: Explain the process of photosynthesis in plant cells.

A: Photosynthesis is the process by which chloroplasts in plant cells convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose for plant nutrition. This process releases oxygen as a byproduct.

Q: What is the role of the respiratory system in the body?

A: The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. It includes structures like the nasal cavities, bronchioles, and alveoli where this gas exchange takes place.

Q: How do specialized cells like sperm cells differ from regular cells?

A: Specialized cells like sperm cells have unique structures and functions tailored to their specific roles. For example, sperm cells are specialized for fertilization and have a flagellum for movement towards the egg.

Q: What is the process of protein synthesis in cells?

A: Protein synthesis in cells involves two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is used as a template to create messenger RNA (mRNA). In translation, the mRNA is read by ribosomes to assemble amino acids into proteins.

Q: How do the kidneys function in the body?

A: The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering blood, reabsorbing essential substances, and producing urine. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys where blood filtration, reabsorption of nutrients, and urine production occur.

Q: What is the role of the endocrine system in regulating body functions?

A: The endocrine system produces hormones that regulate various body functions and processes. Organs like the pancreas, kidneys, and adrenal glands are involved in hormone secretion and maintaining balance in the body.

Q: Explain the process of nutrient absorption in the digestive system.

A: Nutrient absorption in the digestive system involves breaking down food components into smaller molecules using enzymes and then absorbing these molecules through the intestinal lining into the bloodstream for distribution to cells in the body.

Q: What is the significance of DNA and nucleic acids in cells?

A: DNA carries genetic information and codes for proteins, while nucleic acids like RNA are involved in protein synthesis. These molecules are essential for cell functions, growth, and development.

Q: How does energy flow in ecosystems through the food chain?

A: Energy in ecosystems flows from producers, like plants, to consumers, such as herbivores, and then to predators. This transfer of energy from one trophic level to another sustains life in the ecosystem.